Paper Title
Modeling of Defects in CdTe thin film Solar Cells Using Numerical Analysis

Abstract
Multivalent defects, such as double donors/acceptors or amphoteric defects, play a crucial role in solar cell, especially in thin film solar cells. We have enhanced the thin film solar cell simulation software SCAPS to model these defects with up to five different charge states. This algorithm can handle an arbitrary number of charge states and effectively avoid numerical inaccuracies that typically arise from subtracting nearly identical values. This advanced modeling capability is then used to examine the effects of multivalent defects on the simulation of thin film CdTe solar cells. Keywords - Defects, Acceptors, Donors, Capacitance, Amphoteric defects, Thin film, SCAPS