Paper Title
Digital to Analog Converter using 4-Bit R-2R Ladder

Abstract
A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) is used for audio processing, as it converts digital sound signal into Analog sound signals. These Analog signals can then be played through speakers or headphones. Since most of the modern data is processed in the digital formats for efficiency, DACs play a crucial role to convert that data which are easily understand by the humans without losing the quality. To ensure the efficiency of the DAC’s bit depth, sampling rate and signal-to-noise ratio must be carefully managed. DACs are found in a wide range of audio products, from everyday devices like smartphones and speakers for good sound quality. In this paper the overview of DAC and its applications in audio processing is done. Keywords - DAC, Analog Signal, Sampling Rate, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Audio Processing