Paper Title
Design and Development of a Toroidal Propeller for Under water Exploration

Abstract
Underwater propulsion systems are vital for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and naval applications. Conventional marine propellers suffer from efficiency losses caused by tip vortex formation, cavitation, and noise generation. This study presents the design, simulation, fabrication, and testing of a toroidal propeller specifically developed for underwater vehicles. A computational framework incorporating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to evaluate hydrodynamic efficiency, structural performance, and cavitation behavior. The propeller was modeled using Siemens NX, simulated using the k-ω SST turbulence model, and manufactured via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) using PLA material. Experimental results demonstrated a 20.06% improvement in efficiency, a 3% increase in thrust, and a 5 dB reduction in noise compared to a conventional three-blade propeller. Additionally, the toroidal design delayed cavitation onset, enhancing operational durability. These outcomes validate the toroidal propeller as a high-performance alternative for underwater propulsion, offering improved efficiency, reduced hydrodynamic losses, and lower acoustic signatures. Keywords – Toroidal Propeller, Underwater Vehicles, Cavitation, CFD, Thrust Efficiency