Paper Title
REDUCING CARBON FOOTPRINT IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS BY MODIFYING THE AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL

Abstract
Wireless ad hoc networks are networks where mobile nodes communicate with each other without any fixed infrastructure. Each node acts as both a sender and a router. These networks run on batteries, so energy management is very important. The standard AODV routing protocol selects routes based only on the number of hops, without considering how much battery is left in each node. This causes some nodes to run out of battery very quickly, which reduces the lifetime of the network. This paper proposes a modified version of AODV called Energy Aware AODV (EA-AODV) that selects routes based on the remaining battery of nodes. The modified protocol avoids nodes with low battery and prefers routes through nodes with more energy. It also reduces the transmission power of nodes as their battery decreases. Simulations are done using ns-3 with 30 mobile nodes over a simulation time of 150 seconds. Results show that EA-AODV reduces energy consumption by 30.8%, improves network lifetime by 25.9%, improves packet delivery ratio by 12.3%, and increases throughput by 15.1% compared to standard AODV. Lower energy consumption means less battery usage, which directly helps reduce the carbon footprint of wireless networks without requiring any hardware changes. Keywords - AODV, Wireless ad HOC Networks, Energy-Aware Routing, Carbon Footprint, Network Lifetime, Ns-3, Green Networking, Transmission Power Control.